WHAT ARE THE F1 THROUGH F12 KEYS?

Commonly known as “function keys”, F1 through F12 may have a variety of different uses or no use at all. Depending on the installed operating system and the software program currently open will change how each of these keys operate. A program is capable of not only using each of the function keys, but also combining the function keys with the ALT or CTRL key, for example, Microsoft Windows users can press ALT + F4 to close the program currently active.

F1

• Almost always used as the help key, almost every program will open the help screen when this key is pressed.

• Enter CMOS Setup.

• Windows Key + F1 would open the Microsoft Windows help and support center.

• Open the Task Pane.

F2

• In Windows commonly used to rename a highlighted icon or file.

• Alt + Ctrl + F2 opens document window in Microsoft Word.

• Ctrl + F2 displays the print preview window in Microsoft Word.

• Enter CMOS Setup.

F3

• Often opens a search feature for many programs including Microsoft Windows.

• In MS-DOS or Windows command line F3 will repeat the last command.

• Shift + F3 will change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower case or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.

F4

• Open find window.

• Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)

• Alt + F4 will close the program currently active in Microsoft Windows.

• Ctrl + F4 will close the open window within the current active window in Microsoft Windows.

F5

• In all modern Internet browsers pressing F5 will refresh or reload the page or document window.

• Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.

• Starts a slideshow in PowerPoint.

F6

• Move the cursor to the Address bar in Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox.

• Ctrl + Shift + F6 opens to another open Microsoft Word document.

F7

• Commonly used to spell check and grammar check a document in Microsoft programs such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, etc.

• Shift + F7 runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.

• Turns on Caret browsing in Mozilla Firefox.

F8

• Function key used to enter the Windows startup menu, commonly used to access Windows

Safe Mode.

F9

• Opens the Measurements toolbar in Quark 5.0.

F10

• In Microsoft Windows activates the menu bar of an open application.

• Shift + F10 is the same as right-clicking on a highlighted icon, file, or Internet link.

• Access the hidden recovery partition on HP and Sony computers.

• Enter CMOS Setup

F11

• Full-screen mode in all modern Internet browsers.

• Ctrl + F11 as computer is starting to access the hidden recovery partition on many Dell computers.

• Access the hidden recovery partition on eMachines, Gateway, and Lenovo computers.

F12

• Open the Save as window in Microsoft Word.

• Shift + F12 save the Microsoft Word document.

• Ctrl + Shift + F12 prints a document in Microsoft Word.

• Preview a page in Microsoft Expression Web

• Open Firebug.

LIST OF OPEN SOURCE CAPTIVE PORTAL SOFTWARE AND NETWORK ACCESS CONTROL (NAC)

We are listed here some open source captive portal software and network access control (NAC) systems.

OPEN SOURCE/FREE

1. ChilliSpot – http://www.chillispot.info
2. Opennac – http://www.opennac.org
3. Wifidog – http://dev.wifidog.org
4. PacketFence – http://www.packetfence.org
5. CoovaChilli – http://coova.org
6. Utangle – http://www.untangle.com
7. pfSense – http://www.pfsense.org
8. PepperSpot – http://pepperspot.sourceforge.net
9. Zeroshell – http://www.zeroshell.net/eng/
10. m0n0wall – http://m0n0.ch
11. Kattive – http://www.kattive.it
12. EasyHotSpot – http://easyhotspot.inov.asia/
13. GRASE Hotspot – http://grasehotspot.org
14. BrazilFW – http://www.brazilfw.com.br
15. Alcasar – http://www.alcasar.net/en

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DOS

DOS - disk operating system

Acronym for disk operating system. The term DOS can refer to any operating system, but it is most often used as a shorthand for MS-DOS (Microsoft disk operating system). Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers.

The initial versions of DOS were very simple and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent versions have became increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of minicomputer operating systems. However, DOS is still a 16-bitoperating system and does not support multiple users or multitasking.

For some time, it has been widely acknowledged that DOS is insufficient for modern computer applications. Microsoft Windows helped alleviate some problems, but still, it sat on top of DOS and relied on DOS for many services. Even Windows 95 sat on top of DOS. Newer operating systems, such as Windows NT and OS/2 Warp, do not rely on DOS to the same extent, although they can execute DOS-based programs. 

It is expected that as these operating systems gain market share, DOS will eventually disappear. In the meantime, Caldera, Inc. markets a version of DOS called DR-OpenDOSthat extends MS-DOS in significant ways.

RAM

RAM - random access memory

RAM (pronounced ram) is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.

Main Types of RAM

There are two main types of RAM:

        ·   DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) - The term dynamic indicates that the                  memory must be constantly refreshed or it will lose its contents.

   

       ·      SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) - The term static is derived from the fact that it        doesn't need to be refreshed like dynamic RAM.

The two types of RAM differ in the technology they use to hold data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it faster than DRAM.

DRAM supports access times of about 60 nanoseconds, SRAM can give access times as low as 10 nanoseconds. Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as commonly used as DRAM because it's more expensive. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.

RAM, Main Memory and ROM Explained

In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory available to programs. For example, a computer with 8MB RAM has approximately 8 million bytes of memory that programs can use. In contrast, ROM (read-only memory) refers to special memory used to store programs that boot the computer and perform diagnostics. Most personal computers have a small amount of ROM (a few thousand bytes). In fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow random access. To be precise, therefore, RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM and ROM as read-only RAM.

CPU

CPU - Central Processing Unit

CPU (pronounced as separate letters) is the abbreviation for central processing unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

Components of a CPU

The two typical components of a CPU include the following:

         1.  The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.

·         2. The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memoryand decodes                           and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

List Of Software Website

List of Software Website 


1.  dytoshare.us

2. filehippo.com

3. www.softpedia.com

4. www.snapfiles.com

5. apphit.com

6. www.freewarefiles.com


--Will Update Soon...

Please Comment if have any other Website Software, Thank You

Modern Computer

Source for webopedia

By Vangie Beal

Modern Computers Defined

Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

·         Memory : enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

·         Mass storage device : allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include solid state drives (SSDs) or disk drives and tape drives.

·         Input device : usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer

·         Output device : a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

·         Central processing unit (CPU) : the heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.

In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.

Computers are generally classified by size and power as follows, although there is considerable overlap. The differences between computer classifications generally get smaller as technology advances, creating smaller and more powerful and cost-friendly components.

       ·         Personal computer : a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In                                                  addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a                                                      keyboard for entering data, a  monitor for displaying information,                                            and a storage device for saving data.

       ·         Workstation : a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal                                           computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality                               monitor.

       ·         Minicomputer : a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of                                       users simultaneously.

       ·         Mainframe : a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or                                thousands of users simultaneously.

       ·         Supercomputer : an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of                                        instructions per second.

Network Defination

Source for webopedia

By Vangie Beal

Define Of Network

A network is defined as a group of two or more computer systemslinked together. There are many types of computer networks, including the following:

1.    Local-Area Networks (LANS): The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).

2.    Wide-Area Networks (WANS): The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.

3.    Campus-Area Networks (CANS): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base.

4.    Metropolitan-Area Networks (MANS): A data network designed for a town or city.

5.    Home-Area Networks (HANS): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices.

Network Characteristics

In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks:

  Ø   Topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a    bus, star, and ring. See the Network topology diagrams in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.

  Ø    Protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network use to communicate. One of the most popular protocols for lans is called Ethernet. Another popular LAN protocol for pcs is the IBM token-ring network 

  Ø   Architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.

Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.

Project Listing

The following is a list of projects suggested for students. These projects can be implemented using Linux or Windows OS. If you are interested to propose a new idea, please prepare an abstract and contact me for further discussion.

This Link Below For The Referrence. Enjoy !!!


https://web.sonoma.edu/users/f/farahman/sonoma/projects/ct/internet/project_list.htm

List Of Project Development Based On Networking

Update !!!!

List Of Project Development Based On Network System

1. Raspberry Pi 3 into Wifi Router

2. VPN Server Using Raspberry Pi

3. Build a Raspberry Pi as Twitter Bot

4. Wifi Extender Using Raspberry Pi

 --- For link, please comment your email..

List Of Project Development Based On Linux Distro

1. Proxy Captive Portal Server  By Pfsense 

2. FTP server By Debian

3. DHCP and DNS Server By Debian and Ubuntu

4. Web Server By Debian ( Apache)

5. SPECTER Router By Debian

6. DHCP IPV6 Server D By Debian and Ubuntu

7. Will update coming soon..


  --- For link, please comment your email..

List Of Project Development Based On Window OS

1. RADIUS Server with Access Point Authentication

2. DHCP and DNS Server Configuration

3. FTP Server Configuration

4. ADDS Configuration

5. Window Deployment Service (Network Boot)

6. Wil Be Update... Soon


  --- For link, please comment your email..

List Of Project Development Based On Raspberry Pi of Network And System

List Of Project Development Based On Raspberry Pi of Network And System

1. Raspberry Pi  as Plex Server (Media Server)

2. Raspberry Pi as CCTV monitoring

3. Raspberry Pi as Network Area Storage (NAS)

4. Raspberry Pi as Web Server  


  --- For link, please comment your email..

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WEBOPEDIA

http://www.webopedia.com/